Blog Post

May 09 2023

Direct Injection: Everything You Need to Know

Direct injection is a technique used in music production to connect instruments, such as guitars and keyboards, directly to the mixing console or recording device. This technique has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its ability to cut down on the number of microphones used, as well as its impact on the overall sound quality of the instrument. In this article, we’ll explore everything you need to know about direct injection, including its advantages, types of direct boxes, setup, and amplifier emulators.

Why is Direct Injection Used Today?

Direct injection is used in music production today for a number of reasons. One of the main reasons is to reduce the number of microphones used. This is because when an instrument is recorded using a microphone, it can pick up unwanted sounds, such as room noise and other instruments. By using direct injection, these unwanted sounds can be eliminated, resulting in a cleaner recording.

Another reason direct injection is used is to improve the overall sound quality of the instrument. When an instrument is recorded using a microphone, the sound can be distorted due to the distance between the microphone and the instrument. Direct injection eliminates this issue by allowing the instrument to be connected directly to the mixing console or recording device, resulting in a more accurate and natural sound.

How Does Direct Injection Cut Down on the Number of Mics Used?

Direct injection cuts down on the number of microphones used by allowing the instrument to be connected directly to the mixing console or recording device. This eliminates the need for a microphone, as the instrument’s sound is captured directly through the direct box.

How Does Direct Injection Make the Instrument Sound? Is it Better or Worse?

Direct injection can make an instrument sound better or worse depending on various factors, such as the quality of the direct box and the instrument being used. However, in general, direct injection is known for producing a more accurate and natural sound compared to recording with a microphone.

1/4” Cables vs Balanced XLR Mic Input

When using direct injection, it’s important to understand the difference between 1/4″ cables and balanced XLR mic input. 1/4″ cables are unbalanced, which means they are more susceptible to interference and noise. Balanced XLR mic inputs, on the other hand, are designed to eliminate interference and noise, resulting in a cleaner sound.

Converting Between 1/4” and Balanced XLR

Converting between 1/4″ and balanced XLR can be done using a direct box. Direct boxes are designed to convert unbalanced signals, such as those from a 1/4″ cable, into balanced signals, such as those used by a balanced XLR mic input.

Why Can’t You Directly Plug Your Guitar or Keyboard into the Mic Preamp Without the Direct Box?

You can’t directly plug your guitar or keyboard into the mic preamp without the direct box because most instruments have an impedance that is too high for the mic preamp to handle. Direct boxes are designed to match the impedance of the instrument to the impedance of the mic preamp, resulting in a cleaner sound.

Most Popular Brands, Models, Pricing, and Websites to Learn More

Here are some popular direct box brands, models, pricing, and direct links to the product pages:

Radial Engineering:
- J48 MK2 Active Direct Box: $199.99 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/J48mk2–radial-engineering-j48-mk2-active-direct-box
- ProDI Passive Direct Box: $99.99 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/ProDI–radial-engineering-prodi-passive-direct-box
Countryman:
- Type 85 DI Box: $275 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/Type85–countryman-type-85-direct-box
- Type 10 DI Box: $168 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/Type10–countryman-type-10-direct-box
Behringer:
- Ultra-DI DI400P Passive Direct Box: $19.99 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/DI400P–behringer-ultra-di-di400p-passive-direct-box
- Ultra-DI DI20 Active Direct Box: $29.99 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/DI20–behringer-ultra-di-di20-active-di-box-splitter

Advantages of Direct Injection

Direct injection offers a number of advantages, including:

Direct-Box Transformers

Direct-box transformers are designed to match the impedance of the instrument to the impedance of the mic preamp. This results in a cleaner sound, as the transformer eliminates any unwanted noise or interference.

Extremely High Impedance

Direct boxes have an extremely high impedance, which means they are less susceptible to noise and interference. This results in a cleaner sound and a more accurate representation of the instrument.

Length of Balanced Output Cable

The length of the balanced output cable can affect the sound quality of the instrument. Direct boxes are designed to compensate for this by providing a balanced output that can be used with longer cables without affecting the sound quality.

Converting Between Cable Types

Direct boxes are designed to convert between cable types, such as 1/4″ and balanced XLR. This allows for greater flexibility when connecting instruments to the mixing console or recording device.

Direct-Box Types

There are two main types of direct boxes: active and passive.

Active vs Passive

Active direct boxes require power, either from a battery or phantom power from the mixing console or recording device. Passive direct boxes, on the other hand, do not require power and are designed to work with low-impedance instruments.

Which is Better?

The choice between active and passive direct boxes depends on your specific needs. Active direct boxes are generally more versatile and can be used with a wider range of instruments, while passive direct boxes are simpler and easier to use.

Modern Mic Preamps and DI Inputs

Many modern mic preamps and DI inputs are designed to work with both active and passive direct boxes, making it easier to use either type of direct box.

Direct-Box Setup

Setting up a direct box involves several steps, including:

Setting the Gain

Setting the gain on the direct box is important to ensure that the instrument is not overdriven or underrepresented.

Boost

Some direct boxes come with a boost function, which can be used to increase the level of the instrument’s signal.

Ground Switch

The ground switch on the direct box is used to eliminate any hum or noise that may be caused by ground loops.

Reducing Hum

Hum can be reduced by ensuring that the instrument is properly grounded, and by using a direct box with a ground lift switch.

Amplifier Emulators

Amplifier emulators are devices that are designed to simulate the sound of a guitar amplifier. These devices can be used in conjunction with a direct box to create a more realistic sound. However, there are some advantages and disadvantages to using amplifier emulators.

What is the Purpose of These?

The purpose of amplifier emulators is to simulate the sound of a guitar amplifier, which can be useful when recording or performing live.

What Do They Do?

Amplifier emulators simulate the sound of a guitar amplifier by using digital signal processing to create a similar sound.

How Do They Do It?

Amplifier emulators use digital signal processing to create a similar sound to a guitar amplifier.

Advantages vs Disadvantages?

The advantages of using amplifier emulators include the ability to create a more realistic sound, as well as the ability to use the same sound across multiple recordings. The disadvantages include the cost of the emulator, as well as the fact that it may not be as versatile as a physical guitar amplifier.

Are There Any Criticisms for Using Them?

Some criticisms of amplifier emulators include the fact that they may not be as versatile as a physical guitar amplifier, as well as the fact that they may not be as reliable.

Most Popular Brands, Models, Pricing, and Websites to Learn More

Here are some of the most popular amplifier emulator brands, as well as a few of their models, pricing, and direct links to their product pages:

Line 6:
- Helix LT: $999.99 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/HelixLT–line-6-helix-lt-guitar-processor
- POD Go: $449.99 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/PODGo–line-6-pod-go-guitar-effects-processor
Kemper:
- Profiler Stage: $1,799.00 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/ProfilerStage–kemper-profiler-stage-profiling-amp-head-and-effects-processor
- Profiler PowerHead: $2,699.00 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/ProfilerPowHD–kemper-profiler-powerhead-with-600-watt-power-amp-and-effects-processor
Fractal Audio:
- AX8: $1,099.00 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/AX8–fractal-audio-ax8-amp-modeler-multi-effects-pedalboard
- Axe-Fx III: $2,599.00 – https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/AxeFXIII–fractal-audio-axe-fx-iii-preamp-effects-processor

To learn more about amplifier emulators, you can visit websites such as Sweetwater, Musician’s Friend, and Guitar Center.

Conclusion

In conclusion, direct injection is a powerful technique that can be used to improve the sound quality of instruments in music production. It has become increasingly popular due to its ability to cut down on the number of microphones used and improve the overall sound quality of the instrument. By understanding the advantages of direct injection, types of direct boxes, setup, and amplifier emulators, you can improve the overall sound quality of your recordings and performances. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced musician, direct injection is a technique that is worth exploring further.

May 08 2023

The Microphone Preamplifier: Choosing the Best Vintage and Modern Models for Better Sound Quality

A microphone preamplifier, also known as a mic preamp, is an essential component in recording audio. It is a device that amplifies the low-level output signal of a microphone to a higher level that can be recorded or processed further. In this blog post, we will discuss the importance of using a separate mic amp, vintage and modern mic preamp models, 500 series racks, mic amp setup, primary controls, and setup method.

Why A Separate Mic Amp?

While some audio interfaces come with built-in mic preamps, it is often recommended to use a separate mic amp for several reasons. Firstly, a dedicated mic preamp can offer a higher quality and cleaner amplification of the microphone signal, resulting in better sound quality. Secondly, it allows for more control over the sound, as the mic preamp is a separate unit with its own set of controls. Finally, using a separate mic preamp allows for more flexibility in terms of routing and processing.

Vintage Mic Pres

Vintage mic preamps are highly sought after for their unique sound characteristics. Many audio engineers prefer them over modern preamps because they add a layer of character to the recording. The vintage preamps were designed to work with a specific set of microphones and are often tailored to work with those mics. Here are some of the most popular vintage mic preamp models:

Neve 1073/1081

The Neve 1073 and 1081 are classic mic preamps that have been used on countless hit records. They have a warm, colored sound that is particularly well-suited for rock and pop music. These preamps are known for their musical EQ section, which can be used to shape the sound in a pleasing way. The Neve 1073 was introduced in the early 1970s and is still highly sought after today. The 1081 is a later version of the 1073 and has a few additional features.

API 312/512

The API 312 and 512 mic preamps are another classic vintage option that have been used on many recordings. They have a clean, transparent sound that is suitable for a wide range of genres. These preamps are known for their fast transient response, which can add a sense of clarity and definition to recordings. They were first introduced in the 1970s and are still in production today.

Telefunken V72/V76

The Telefunken V72 and V76 are vintage German mic preamps that are highly sought after for their warm, smooth sound. They were originally designed for use in broadcast studios and have since become a favorite of many recording engineers. These preamps are known for their ability to add a sense of depth and dimension to recordings. They were first introduced in the 1950s and were used extensively in the Beatles’ recordings.

Modern Mic Pres

While vintage mic preamps are still popular, there are also many modern options that offer excellent sound quality and flexibility. Many manufacturers have created preamps that emulate the characteristics of vintage preamps, while adding modern features and controls. Here are some popular modern mic preamp models:

Great River

Great River mic preamps are known for their transparent, detailed sound. They are particularly well-suited for recording acoustic instruments and vocals. Popular models include the Great River MP-2NV and ME-1NV. The MP-2NV has a transformer-coupled input and output, which adds a layer of warmth to the recording. The ME-1NV has a solid-state design and is known for its clarity and detail.

Vintech

Vintech mic preamps are modeled after classic vintage designs and offer a warm, musical sound. They are well-suited for recording rock and pop music. Popular models include the Vintech X73 and 273. The X73 is modeled after the Neve 1073 and has a similar sound and EQ section. The 273 is modeled after the API 312 and has a clean, transparent sound.

Daking

Daking mic preamps are known for their clean, transparent sound and high headroom. They are suitable for a wide range of recording applications. Popular models include the Daking Mic Pre One and Mic Pre EQ. The Mic Pre One has a simple design with a single gain control, while the Mic Pre EQ has an additional EQ section.

Universal Audio

Universal Audio offers a range of mic preamps that are based on classic vintage designs and offer modern features and flexibility. Popular models include the Universal Audio 610, 4-710d, and SOLO/610. The 610 is based on the preamp used in the Teletronix LA-2A compressor and has a warm, thick sound. The 4-710d has four channels of preamp and is known for its versatility. The SOLO/610 is a single-channel preamp that is based on the preamp used in the UA 610 console.

Hardy

Hardy mic preamps are known for their clean, transparent sound and high headroom. They are suitable for a wide range of recording applications. Popular models include the Hardy M-1 and M-2. The M-1 has a transformer-coupled input and output, which adds a layer of warmth to the recording. The M-2 has a solid-state design and is known for its clarity and detail.

Millennia Media HV-3C

The Millennia Media HV-3C is a high-end mic preamp that is known for its transparent, detailed sound. It is particularly well-suited for recording acoustic instruments and classical music. The HV-3C has a solid-state design and is known for its high headroom and low distortion.

Grace

Grace mic preamps are known for their clean, transparent sound and high headroom. They are suitable for a wide range of recording applications. Popular models include the Grace Design m101 and m103. The m101 has a simple design with a single gain control, while the m103 has an additional EQ section.

500 Series Racks

500 series racks are a popular way to build a custom mic preamp setup. They allow you to mix and match different modules, including mic preamps, EQs, and compressors, in a single rack. Popular 500 series racks include the Radial Workhorse, API Lunchbox, and Rupert Neve Designs Portico. The Radial Workhorse is a 3-slot rack that has a built-in power supply. The API Lunchbox is a 6-slot rack that has a built-in power supply and a variety of additional features. The Rupert Neve Designs Portico is a 10-slot rack that has a built-in power supply and a variety of additional features.

Mic Amp Setup

When setting up your mic amp, there are several primary controls to be aware of:

Gain

The gain control adjusts the amount of amplification applied to the microphone signal. It is important to set the gain properly to avoid clipping or distortion. The gain should be set so that the loudest part of the recording is just below the maximum level.

Phantom Power

Many microphones require phantom power to operate. This is a +48V DC voltage that is applied to the microphone through the mic cable. Make sure your mic preamp has a phantom power switch and that it is turned on when using a microphone that requires it. Not all microphones require phantom power, so it’s important to check the microphone’s specifications before turning on phantom power.

Phase

The phase switch or button is used to adjust the polarity of the microphone signal. This can be useful in certain situations where multiple microphones are being used and their signals are interacting with each other. If two microphones are picking up the same sound source, but one is slightly out of phase, the two signals can cancel each other out, resulting in a thinner, weaker sound. Flipping the phase of one of the microphones can fix this issue.

High-Pass Filter

The high-pass filter, sometimes called a low-cut filter, removes low-frequency content from the microphone signal. This can be useful in reducing rumble or other unwanted low-frequency noise. The high-pass filter should be set based on the frequency of the noise you’re trying to remove. If you’re recording vocals, you can usually set the high-pass filter to around 80 Hz.

Setup Method

When setting up your mic amp, it is important to follow a few best practices:

Use Quality Cables

Using high-quality cables will help minimize noise and interference in the signal chain. Look for cables with high-quality connectors and shielded cables. The type of cable you use will depend on the type of microphone you’re using. For dynamic microphones, you can use a standard XLR cable. For condenser microphones, you will need a cable that can carry phantom power.

Test and Adjust Levels

Before recording, it is important to test and adjust the levels of your mic preamp. Use a reference signal and adjust the gain control until the signal is at an appropriate level. The signal should be loud enough to be heard clearly, but not so loud that it clips or distorts.

Experiment with Mic Placement

Mic placement can have a significant impact on the sound of your recording. Experiment with different mic positions and distances to find the sound that works best for your recording. The distance between the microphone and the sound source can affect the amount of room sound in the recording. The angle of the microphone can affect the high-frequency response of the recording.

In conclusion, a high-quality mic preamp is an essential component in recording audio. Whether you choose a vintage or modern model, or build your own, the mic preamp offers a level of control and flexibility that can help you achieve the sound you’re looking for. Take the time to research different models and test them out before making a purchase. And don’t be afraid to experiment with mic placement and other settings to find the perfect sound for your recording.

May 05 2023

Specialty Microphones: The Key to Unlocking Your Recording Studio’s Full Potential

As a recording artist, musician, band, or music producer, you understand the importance of having the right microphone for your recordings. A great microphone is one of the most essential tools in your recording arsenal, as it can make all the difference in the clarity, tone, and overall quality of your sound. However, with so many different types of microphones available, it can be overwhelming to know which one to choose.

That’s why we’ve put together this comprehensive guide to help you understand everything you need to know about microphones. From microphone specifications to directional response, specialty microphones, microphone accessories, and more, we’ll cover all the key aspects of choosing and using the right microphone for your recording needs.

Whether you’re a seasoned professional or just starting out in the music industry, this guide will provide you with the information you need to make informed decisions about your microphone purchases and get the most out of your recording studio. So, read on, and let’s unlock the full potential of your recordings together!

Microphone Specifications

When choosing a microphone, it’s important to consider its specifications. Here are some key specifications to look at:

Sensitivity

Sensitivity is a measure of how much output voltage a microphone produces when it’s exposed to a certain sound pressure level. In general, a higher sensitivity microphone will produce a stronger signal than a lower sensitivity microphone.

Overload Characteristics

Overload characteristics refer to a microphone’s ability to handle high sound pressure levels without distorting. If you plan on recording loud sources like drums or guitar amps, you’ll want a microphone with good overload characteristics.

Frequency Response

A microphone’s frequency response is a measure of how evenly it responds to different frequencies. Some microphones are designed to have a flat frequency response, while others are designed to emphasize certain frequencies.

Free-Field or Diffuse-Field

Free-field microphones are designed to be used in environments where sound arrives directly from the source. Diffuse-field microphones are designed to be used in environments where sound is evenly distributed.

Noise

Noise refers to any unwanted sounds that a microphone might pick up. Some microphones are designed to have very low noise levels, which is important if you’re recording quiet sources like vocals.

Directional Response

Directional response refers to a microphone’s ability to pick up sound from different directions. Here are some common directional patterns:

Omni-Directional

Omni-directional microphones are a type of microphone that pick up sound from all directions equally. They are often used in recording studios to capture the natural and ambient sound of a room. These microphones are also useful for recording live music performances, as they can capture the sound of a group of musicians playing together. In addition, omni-directional microphones can be used in field recordings to capture the sounds of nature or the environment. With their ability to capture sound from all directions, omni-directional microphones provide a versatile and high-quality recording option for a variety of applications.

Some popular omni-directional microphones include:

Neumann U87: This condenser microphone has a wide frequency response and a smooth, natural sound that’s well-suited for recording vocals and acoustic instruments.
AKG C414 XLII: This versatile condenser microphone has five polar patterns, including omni-directional, and is well-suited for a wide range of recording applications.
Audio-Technica AT4053B: This condenser microphone has a flat, extended frequency response and an omni-directional polar pattern, making it ideal for capturing the nuances of acoustic instruments and vocals.

Bi-Directional

Bi-directional microphones, also referred to as figure-of-eight microphones because of their polar pattern, are special types of microphones designed to pick up sound from two opposite directions while rejecting sound from the sides. In other words, they are highly directional microphones that capture sound from the front and back, but not from the sides. This makes them particularly useful in situations where you need to record two sources at once, such as a guitar and a vocal, without picking up unwanted sounds from the surrounding environment. Additionally, bi-directional microphones can be used to record interviews, where the interviewer and interviewee sit facing each other, or to record live performances where the sound is coming from two distinct sources. Overall, bi-directional microphones are versatile tools that can help you capture high-quality sound in a variety of settings.

Some popular bi-directional microphones include:

AKG C414 XLII: This versatile condenser microphone has five polar patterns, including bi-directional, and is well-suited for a wide range of recording applications.
Audio-Technica AT4053B: This condenser microphone has a flat, extended frequency response and a bi-directional polar pattern, making it ideal for capturing the nuances of acoustic instruments.
Rode NT2-A: This versatile condenser microphone has three polar patterns, including bi-directional, and is well-suited for recording a variety of instruments and vocals.

Figure Of Eight

Figure-of-eight microphones are a type of directional microphone that is designed to pick up sound from two opposite directions while rejecting sound from the sides. This makes them particularly useful for recording two sources at the same time, such as a guitar and a vocal. The unique shape of the microphone allows it to pick up sound in a pattern that resembles the figure “8,” which is why it’s called a figure-of-eight microphone.

These microphones work by using two diaphragms that are placed back-to-back. When sound waves reach the diaphragms, they create a pattern of positive and negative pressure. The diaphragms are connected to an electrical circuit that converts the pressure changes into an electrical signal, which can then be recorded or amplified.

One of the advantages of using a figure-of-eight microphone is that it allows you to achieve a natural sound that captures the ambience of the room. Since the microphone is only picking up sound from two directions, it’s less likely to pick up unwanted sounds from the sides, such as noise from an air conditioner or traffic outside. This can be especially useful in a live recording situation, where you want to capture the energy of the performance without any distractions.

Another advantage of using a figure-of-eight microphone is that it gives you more control over the balance of the two sources. By adjusting the placement of the microphone, you can emphasize one source over the other, or you can blend them together in a way that sounds pleasing to your ears. This can be particularly useful when recording instruments and vocals, where you want to achieve a balance that highlights the strengths of each source.

Figure-of-eight microphones are a versatile tool for recording music and other types of audio. Whether you’re recording a live performance or a studio session, these microphones can help you achieve a natural sound that captures the essence of the performance. So if you’re looking for a way to take your recordings to the next level, consider adding a figure-of-eight microphone to your collection.

Some of the most popular figure-of-eight microphones include:

Rode NT2-A
Audio-Technica AT4053B
AKG C414 XLII

Cardioid

Cardioid microphones are a type of directional microphone that picks up sound from the front while rejecting sound from the sides and rear. They are ideal for recording a single source, such as a vocalist or a guitar amp, with minimal bleed from other sources. However, it is important to note that cardioid microphones are not suitable for recording ambient sounds or multiple sources in a room, as they will not capture a complete picture of the acoustic environment. Additionally, cardioid microphones can come in different shapes and sizes, such as handheld or shotgun mics, and may be used in a variety of settings, from recording studios to live concerts. Overall, the versatility and directional properties of cardioid microphones make them a popular choice among audio professionals and enthusiasts alike.

Some popular cardioid microphones include:

Shure SM7B: A favorite among podcasters and broadcasters, this dynamic microphone has a smooth, warm sound that’s great for vocals.
Audio-Technica AT4053B: This condenser microphone has a flat, extended frequency response that makes it ideal for capturing the nuances of acoustic instruments.
AKG C414 XLII: This versatile condenser microphone has five polar patterns, including cardioid, and is well-suited for a wide range of recording applications.

Hyper-Cardioid

Hyper-cardioid microphones are a type of directional microphone that are similar to cardioid microphones. While cardioid microphones have a wide pickup pattern that captures sound from multiple directions, hyper-cardioid microphones have a much narrower pickup pattern that only captures sound from a smaller area directly in front of the microphone. This makes them ideal for recording a single source in a noisy environment, such as a concert or live event.

In addition to their directional capabilities, hyper-cardioid microphones also have a number of other features that make them a popular choice for recording engineers and audio professionals. For example, they often have a built-in shock mount to help reduce handling noise, and some models even have a switchable polar pattern that allows them to be used as a standard cardioid microphone when needed. Overall, hyper-cardioid microphones are a versatile and reliable tool for anyone looking to capture high-quality audio in challenging recording environments.

Some popular hyper-cardioid microphones include:

Sennheiser e965: This condenser microphone has a switchable polar pattern, allowing you to switch between cardioid and hyper-cardioid modes. It’s great for recording vocals in a noisy environment.
Rode NT2-A: This versatile condenser microphone has three polar patterns, including hyper-cardioid, and is well-suited for recording a variety of instruments and vocals.
Audio-Technica AT4053B: This condenser microphone has a flat, extended frequency response and a hyper-cardioid polar pattern, making it ideal for capturing the nuances of acoustic instruments.

Specialty Microphones

In addition to the standard directional patterns, there are many specialty microphones that are designed for specific applications. Here are some examples:

Shotgun Microphones

Shotgun microphones are highly directional microphones that are often used in film and video production. They’re designed to pick up sound from a specific direction and reject sound from other directions.

Some popular shotgun microphones include:

Sennheiser MKH416: This industry-standard shotgun microphone has a super-cardioid polar pattern and a frequency response that’s ideal for capturing dialogue and other speech.
Rode NTG3: This shotgun microphone has a highly directional super-cardioid polar pattern and a low self-noise, making it great for capturing dialogue and other sound effects in film and video.

Lavaliere Microphones

Lavaliere microphones, also known as lapel microphones, are small microphones that are designed to be clipped onto clothing. They’re often used in television broadcasting or for recording speeches.

Some popular lavaliere microphones include:

Sennheiser ME2: This small electret condenser microphone has an omni-directional polar pattern and is designed for use with Sennheiser wireless systems.
Shure WL185: This cardioid lavaliere microphone is designed for use with Shure wireless systems and has a frequency response that’s optimized for speech.

PZM Microphones

PZM (pressure zone microphone) microphones are designed to be placed on a flat surface, like a table or a wall. They’re useful for recording meetings or for capturing room ambience.

Some popular PZM microphones include:

Crown PZM-30D: This boundary microphone has an omni-directional polar pattern and a frequency response that’s optimized for capturing room ambience.
Audio-Technica Pro 42: This boundary microphone has a half-cardioid polar pattern and a frequency response that’s ideal for capturing the nuances of acoustic instruments.

Wireless Microphones

Wireless microphones allow you to move around freely while recording. They’re often used in live music settings or for video production.

Some popular wireless microphone systems include:

Sennheiser EW 100 G4: This wireless microphone system includes a handheld microphone and a receiver with a range of up to 330 feet. It’s great for live performances and public speaking events.
Shure BLX: This wireless microphone system includes a handheld microphone and a receiver with a range of up to 300 feet. It’s well-suited for live music performances and video production.

Stereo Microphones

Stereo microphones are designed to capture a wide stereo image. They’re often used for recording acoustic music or for capturing room ambience.

Some popular stereo microphones include:

Rode NT4: This stereo microphone has two cardioid capsules in an XY configuration and is well-suited for recording acoustic instruments and live performances.
Audio-Technica AT4053B: This condenser microphone has a modular design that allows you to switch between various polar patterns, including XY stereo. It’s great for capturing the nuances of acoustic instruments and live performances.

Parabolic Microphones

Parabolic microphones use a dish to focus sound waves onto a microphone element. They’re often used for recording distant sound sources, like birds or wildlife.

Some popular parabolic microphones include:

Telinga Pro-X: This parabolic microphone has a directional hyper-cardioid polar pattern and a frequency response that’s optimized for capturing the sound of birds and other wildlife.
Klover MiK: This parabolic microphone has a directional super-cardioid polar pattern and a frequency response that’s ideal for capturing the sound of live events and sports.

Binaural Microphones

Binaural microphones are designed to capture sound in a way that mimics human hearing. They’re often used for recording immersive audio for virtual reality or for ASMR content.

Some popular binaural microphones include:

Sennheiser Ambeo Smart Headset: This binaural headset has built-in microphones and is designed to be used with a smartphone. It’s great for recording immersive audio for virtual reality and other applications.
3Dio Free Space Pro II: This binaural microphone has two omnidirectional capsules in an ear-shaped design, making it ideal for recording ASMR content and other immersive audio.

Microphone Accessories

In addition to choosing the right microphone, it’s important to use the right accessories to get the best sound possible. Here are some common microphone accessories:

Pop Filters

Pop filters are designed to reduce the popping sound that can occur when recording vocals. They’re often made of a fine mesh material that diffuses the air that hits the microphone.

Some popular pop filters include:

Stedman Proscreen XL: This pop filter has a large surface area and a sturdy clamping mechanism that makes it easy to attach to a microphone stand.
sE Electronics Reflexion Filter: This pop filter has a curved shape that helps to reduce reflections and improve the clarity of your recordings.

Windscreens

Windscreens are designed to reduce wind noise when recording outside. They’re often made of a foam material that fits over the microphone.

Some popular windscreens include:

Rycote Super-Shield Kit: This windscreen and shock mount kit is designed to fit a variety of microphones and provide excellent wind noise reduction.
WindTech SG-1: This universal windscreen is made of a foam material that provides excellent wind noise reduction and fits most microphones.

Shock Mounts

Shock mounts are designed to isolate the microphone from vibrations and handling noise. They’re often made of a suspension system that holds the microphone in place.

Some popular shock mounts include:

Rycote InVision USM: This shock mount is designed to fit a variety of microphones and provide excellent isolation from vibrations and handling noise.
sE Electronics Isolation Pack: This shock mount and pop filter combo provides excellent isolation from vibrations and handling noise, as well as reducing popping sounds when recording vocals.

Isolation Shields

Isolation shields, also known as reflection filters, are designed to reduce room ambience when recording vocals. They’re often made of a panel that fits behind the microphone.

Some popular isolation shields include:

Aston Halo: This reflection filter has a unique design that provides excellent isolation from room reflections and improves the clarity of your recordings.
sE Electronics Reflexion Filter Pro: This reflection filter has a curved shape that helps to reduce reflections and improve the clarity of your recordings.

Portable Vocal Booth Boxes

Portable vocal booth boxes are designed to create a controlled recording environment wherever you are. They’re often made of a box-like structure that fits around the microphone.

Some popular portable vocal booth boxes include:

sE Electronics Reflexion Filter X: This portable vocal booth box has a curved design that helps to reduce reflections and improve the clarity of your recordings.
Aston Halo Shadow: This portable vocal booth box has a unique design that provides excellent isolation from room reflections and improves the clarity of your recordings.

Conclusion

We hope you found our guide helpful in understanding the different types of specialty microphones and accessories available. It is important to consider various factors when choosing a microphone and accessories, such as your intended use, budget, and desired sound quality. For example, if you are recording music, you may want to consider a condenser microphone for its sensitivity and detail. If you are recording a podcast, a dynamic microphone may be a better choice due to its ability to reject background noise. Additionally, there are many accessories available that can enhance your recording experience, such as pop filters, shock mounts, and boom stands. Don’t forget to experiment with different microphone placements and settings to find the best sound possible. With so many options out there, we are confident that you will find the perfect microphone and accessories to suit your needs. Happy recording and keep creating!

May 04 2023

How Microphones Work: Exploring Transducer Types, Sound Waves, and Mechanical Wave Energy

Microphones come in a vast array of shapes, sizes, and designs, each one tailored to suit a specific purpose. However, regardless of their physical attributes, all microphones have one primary goal in common. They convert acoustic vibrations, in the form of air pressure, into electrical energy to be amplified or recorded. To achieve this, microphones use a diaphragm that vibrates in response to sound waves and is connected to another component that either creates or allows a small electron flow. These components work together to convert sound waves into electrical signals, which can then be processed and used in many ways.

Three primary mechanical techniques are commonly used when building microphones for professional audio purposes. Each technique utilizes the same three fundamental components: the diaphragm, the transducer, and the casing. The diaphragm converts sound waves into mechanical vibrations, which are then picked up by the transducer and transformed into an electronic signal. The casing provides mechanical support and protection for the diaphragm and transducer, as well as helping to regulate the microphone’s directional response.

The diaphragm is a critical microphone component, and its weight is crucial in accurately reproducing high-frequency sounds. The lighter the diaphragm, the more accurately it can reproduce high-frequency sounds. The transducer, on the other hand, is responsible for transforming the mechanical vibrations of the diaphragm into an electronic signal that can then be amplified or recorded. Finally, the casing provides support and protection for the diaphragm and transducer and can also be designed to control the microphone’s directional response.

Now, let’s take a closer look at the three types of microphones and how they differ in terms of their design and functionality. With a better understanding of the different types of microphones available, you’ll be better equipped to choose the right one for your specific needs.

The Dynamic Microphone

The dynamic microphone is a highly popular and versatile type of microphone that is widely available in the market to fit any budget. Also referred to as a moving-coil microphone, it functions by utilizing a thin metallic diaphragm coupled with an attached coil of wire that moves inside a permanent magnet.

When sound waves cause the diaphragm to vibrate, the connected coils also vibrate within the magnetic field, producing an electrical current through electromagnetic induction. The weight of the moving parts, including the coil and diaphragm, determine the microphone’s ability to respond to transients and higher frequency signals.

Although the weight of the coil and diaphragm limits the frequency response above about 10kHz, this type of microphone offers a resonant frequency that enhances voice intelligibility, making it an excellent option for vocalists. Dynamic microphones are generally known for their durability and robustness, allowing them to handle high sound pressure levels with ease.

While some models can be relatively inexpensive, dynamic microphones with extended frequency range and a flat response tend to be moderately expensive due to the required manufacturing precision. Dynamic microphones are insensitive to changes in humidity, require no internal or external power to operate, and can be made relatively small.

It’s worth noting that dynamic microphones are also ideal for live performances where durability and ruggedness are crucial. They can withstand rough handling and accidental drops, making them a reliable choice for touring musicians or performers. Additionally, dynamic microphones are typically less sensitive than other types of microphones, which makes them less prone to feedback or unwanted noise. This feature is especially important in live performances, where ambient noise can be a major issue.

Overall, the dynamic microphone is a versatile and reliable option that can be used in a wide range of applications. Whether you’re a vocalist, a live performer, or a recording artist, a good dynamic microphone can make a significant difference in the quality of your sound. With its durability, ease of use, and affordability, the dynamic microphone is a must-have tool for any musician or audio professional.

The Ribbon Microphone

Ribbon microphones operate on the same principle as moving-coil microphones, with a few key differences. Rather than using a separate diaphragm, ribbon microphones use a thin strip of aluminum foil that is light enough to be directly vibrated by sound waves. This design results in a flatter frequency response and higher upper-frequency response of around 14kHz compared to dynamic microphones. Additionally, ribbon microphones handle EQ well, as their resonance peak is at the bottom of their frequency range, avoiding any hype in high frequencies.

Vintage ribbon microphones were once widely used in recordings and broadcasts from the 1930s through the 1960s, but their large size made them less suitable for television broadcasts. Despite this, recording engineers never gave up on ribbon microphone technology, and a few modern manufacturers have revived and improved upon the design. The following companies now make ribbon microphones that are at least as good as, if not better than, the originals:

Royer Labs
AEA Ribbon Mics
Coles Electroacoustics
Beyerdynamic
Cascade Microphones
Shure

Thanks to recent developments in magnetics, electronics, and mechanical construction, modern ribbon microphones can be produced smaller and lighter yet still maintain the sound of their vintage forbearers. Their smooth frequency response, ability to handle higher sound pressure levels, and phase linearity make them ideally suited for the digital formats used in the industry today.

While ribbon microphones provide many advantages, including a relatively flat frequency response and extended high-frequency response, they are also fragile and require careful operation and handling. Continuously applying phantom power can stress the ribbon element, and they are moderately expensive.

The Condenser Microphone

The condenser microphone operates on the principle of a capacitor, with two plates, one movable and the other fixed, and a space between them. The movable plate acts as a diaphragm, and as sound waves hit it, it moves and changes the spacing between the plates, which in turn changes the capacitance. This variation in capacitance causes a change in voltage potential which can be amplified to a usable level. To boost this voltage, a vacuum tube or transistor amplifier is built into the microphone, which requires a battery or phantom power to charge the plates and run the preamp. Unlike dynamic microphones, condenser microphones require an external power source as they do not generate their own electricity. The condenser mic’s omnidirectional pickup pattern can be made directional by punching holes in the backplate. By varying the size and position of the holes, the microphone can have selectable patterns.

Most large-diaphragm condenser microphones are multi-pattern microphones, composed of a single backplate placed between two diaphragms. By varying how much signal from each diaphragm is fed to the preamp, the microphone can have selectable patterns ranging from a tight cardioid to a figure-eight to full omnidirectional, which is why the pattern control on older tube mics is continuously variable. However, condenser microphones often have a built-in top-end response bump that limits the EQ that can be added. Additionally, condenser mics always ring to some degree, typically in the 8k to 12kHz range, and their pattern of resonances is a major part of their character.

While condenser microphones provide many advantages, including a flat frequency response and extended high-frequency response, they are also fragile and require careful operation and handling. Additionally, their high sensitivity makes them prone to picking up unwanted noise. Despite these challenges, condenser microphones are widely used in studio recording applications, thanks to their superior sound quality, versatility, and ability to capture fine details of vocals and acoustic instruments.

The Electret Condenser

An electret condenser is another type of condenser microphone that utilizes a permanently polarized material, known as electret, as a diaphragm, avoiding the need for a biasing voltage, as required in a traditional condenser. Electrets can be made inexpensively and in a very small size, making them a common choice for portable devices such as phones and recorders. High-quality electret condensers often have a built-in preamplifier to match their extremely high impedance and boost the signal. Historically, electret condenser microphones have been known to lose their charge over time, leading to a decrease in output and frequency response, but modern versions are less prone to this issue.

Advantages of Condenser Mics:

Excellent high frequency and upper harmonic response
Excellent transient response
Changeable polar patterns
Can have excellent low-frequency response

Disadvantages of Condenser Mics:

Moderate to very expensive
Requires external powering
Can be relatively bulky
Humidity and temperature affect performance
Low-cost models can suffer from poor or inconsistent frequency response
Two mics of the same model may sound somewhat different

Overall, condenser microphones provide a high-quality sound that captures fine details of vocals and acoustic instruments. However, they are fragile and require careful handling and operation. The electret condenser is a type of condenser microphone that is permanently polarized, making them an ideal option for portable devices.

Condenser Microphone Myths

There are many misconceptions about condenser microphones that can lead to confusion when choosing the best option for your recording needs. Here are some popular myths about condenser microphones, along with explanations of why they are not true.

Large-Diaphragm vs. Small-Diaphragm

Myth: A large-diaphragm condenser has more low end than a small-diaphragm condenser.

Fact: In many cases, small-diaphragm condensers reproduce the low end just as well as their larger counterparts.

Polar Patterns

Myth: A cardioid condenser has a better low-end response than an omnidirectional condenser.

Fact: In condenser microphones with an omnidirectional polar response, the bass response is only limited by the electronics. Even a very small-diaphragm mic can have a flat response down to below 20Hz.

Frequency Response

Myth: A large-diaphragm condenser has a flatter response than a small-diaphragm condenser.

Fact: Large-format capsules are prone to low-frequency resonance, which means that they can have trouble reproducing low frequencies at a high level. They can also “bottom out” as a result of the diaphragm hitting the backplate, which is the popping that can occur when a singer is too close to an unfiltered microphone. To minimize this, some microphones over-damp the capsule, making the mic sound either thin or alternatively lumpy in response, while some address this by adding a low-frequency roll-off or EQ circuitry to try to put back frequencies suppressed in the capsule.

Noise Level

Myth: A small-diaphragm condenser is quieter than a large-diaphragm condenser.

Fact: The difference in the size of the diaphragm translates into a difference in signal-to-noise ratio. The bigger diaphragm provides more signal for a certain electrical noise level and therefore can be quieter than the small diaphragm.

Consistent Response

Myth: Condenser microphones have consistent response from mic to mic.

Fact: Despite what the specs might say, there can be vast differences in the sound between two mics of the same model, especially in the less expensive versions. Unless two mics are specifically matched in their frequency response, differences between them are inevitable. That said, the value of precise matching of microphones is open to much debate. One school of thought says that you need closely matched response for a more precise stereo soundfield, while another school thinks that the difference can actually enhance the soundfield.

By debunking these myths, you’ll better understand the capabilities and limitations of different types of condenser microphones. When choosing a condenser microphone, it’s important to consider your specific recording needs and carefully evaluate the specifications and features of each option. With the right condenser microphone, you can capture high-quality sound that accurately represents the nuances of your performance or instrument.

Condenser Microphone Operational Tips

When it comes to condenser microphones, it’s important to take extra care to ensure their longevity and peak performance. Here are some best practices to keep your microphone functioning at its best:

Use an external pop filter to prevent dirt and debris from building up on the capsule. Dirt on the capsule can cause the high-end response to fall off, leading to a deterioration in sound quality.
Keep your condenser microphone cased when not in use to protect it from dust and debris.
Cover the mic if it will be left set up on a stand overnight to prevent exposure to humidity and temperature extremes, which can have undesirable effects on performance.
Avoid blowing into the microphone, as this can cause the diaphragm to bottom out and stick to the plate.
Be mindful of overloading the microphone, which can cause distortion or harshness of tone. Internal mic preamps often have a -10dB pad switch to lower the output from the capsule, and the bottom-end roll-off filter can also reduce power from the capsule if necessary.

By following these tips, you can ensure that your condenser microphone remains in top condition and delivers high-quality sound for years to come.

Phantom Power

In contrast to dynamic and ribbon microphones, condenser microphones rely on an external power source to operate. Older tube condensers require an outboard power supply, while electret condensers sometimes use batteries. All other condenser microphones rely on phantom power, a 48-volt DC power source that is fed by a recording console, microphone preamp, or DAW interface over the same cable that carries the audio signal. On most recording consoles, phantom power is switchable, as it may damage the internal ribbon on many older ribbon microphones. It can also cause a loud pop when disconnecting a cable connected to a dynamic microphone.

May 02 2023

Unlocking the Secrets of Stereo-Imaging: How Can You Create Depth in Your Mixes?

A person sitting on a chair with large ears and speakers all around him.

As an audio engineer or music producer, you’re likely always searching for new ways to make your mixes stand out. One of the most critical aspects of creating an engaging and professional-sounding mix is mastering the art of stereo imaging. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll dive deep into the world of stereo imaging, discussing the key elements involved, the science behind it, and how to use various techniques to create depth and clarity in your mixes. By the end, you’ll have a newfound understanding and appreciation for this often-overlooked aspect of audio mixing.

What is stereo imaging and why is it important?

Stereo imaging is the process of manipulating the spatial characteristics of a mix to create a sense of depth, space, and dimensionality. It’s what makes a mix sound “wide” and allows listeners to perceive individual instruments and sounds as if they’re coming from different locations within the stereo field. When done correctly, stereo imaging can enhance the listening experience, making your mixes sound more immersive and professional.

Why is stereo imaging so important in audio mixing? It’s simple: our brains are wired to process spatial information, and we use this information to make sense of the world around us. In the context of music, a well-crafted stereo image can help listeners to distinguish between different instruments and elements within a mix, making it easier to appreciate the individual contributions of each. Additionally, a mix with strong stereo imaging can simply be more enjoyable to listen to, as it provides a sense of space and depth that’s pleasing to the ear.

Key elements of stereo imaging in audio mixing

There are several key elements that contribute to the overall stereo image of a mix. These include:

Panning: This is the process of positioning individual sounds within the stereo field, either to the left or right of the listener. Panning decisions can greatly impact the balance and clarity of a mix and should be made with careful consideration.
Arrangement and layering: The way that instruments and sounds are arranged within a mix can also have a significant impact on the stereo image. Layering sounds and instruments can help to create depth and dimensionality, while a well-considered arrangement can ensure that each element has its own space within the stereo field.
EQ and frequency management: Ensuring that each element within a mix occupies its own frequency range can help to create separation and clarity, contributing to a more defined stereo image.
Time-based effects: The use of reverb, delay, and other time-based effects can help to create a sense of depth and space within a mix, enhancing the overall stereo image.

The science behind stereo image and audio perception

Our perception of stereo image is largely based on the way that our brains process sound. There are two primary ways that we determine the location of a sound source:

Interaural time differences (ITD): When a sound reaches one ear slightly before the other, our brain uses this time difference to determine the direction from which the sound is coming.
Interaural level differences (ILD): When a sound is louder in one ear than the other, our brain uses this level difference to determine the direction of the sound source.

By manipulating the timing and levels of individual elements within a mix, audio engineers can create a convincing stereo image that mimics the way we perceive sounds in the real world.

Understanding the stereo field and panning

The stereo field is the imaginary space that exists between the left and right speakers (or headphones) through which we perceive a mix. It can be visualized as a horizontal line, with the left speaker at one end, the right speaker at the other, and the listener’s head in the middle.

Panning is the process of positioning individual elements within this stereo field. By adjusting the relative levels of a sound in the left and right channels of a mix, audio engineers can create the illusion that the sound is coming from a specific location within the stereo field. Panning decisions should be made with the overall balance and clarity of the mix in mind, as well as the desired spatial characteristics.

Tips for improving your stereo image

Start with a strong foundation: Before diving into advanced stereo imaging techniques, make sure that your mix has a solid foundation. This means ensuring that each element is well-recorded, well-arranged, and occupies its own space within the frequency spectrum.
Use panning strategically: When panning individual elements within a mix, consider the overall balance and clarity. Avoid hard panning (placing a sound all the way to the left or right) for important elements, as this can make the mix feel unbalanced and disjointed.
Experiment with different stereo imaging techniques: There are many different methods for creating depth and dimensionality in a mix, from EQ and frequency management to time-based effects. Don’t be afraid to experiment with different techniques to find the ones that work best for your specific mix and style.

Techniques for creating depth in mixes

Layering and arrangement

A well-considered arrangement can help to create a sense of depth and space within a mix. By layering instruments and sounds, you can create contrast and dimensionality, which can enhance the overall stereo image. When arranging your mix, consider the following:

Group similar instruments together to create a cohesive soundstage.
Ensure that each element has its own space within the frequency spectrum to avoid clutter and improve clarity.
Use contrast to create depth, such as pairing a bright, high-frequency sound with a dark, low-frequency sound.

EQ and frequency management

Proper EQ and frequency management can greatly impact the stereo image of a mix. By ensuring that each element occupies its own frequency range, you can create separation and clarity, which can contribute to a more defined stereo image. Here are some tips for effective EQ and frequency management:

Use high-pass filters to remove unnecessary low-frequency content from non-bass elements.
Use EQ to carve out space for important elements, such as the lead vocal or kick drum.
Be mindful of frequency build-up, which can cause muddiness and reduce clarity.

Time-based effects

Time-based effects, such as reverb and delay, can help to create a sense of depth and space within a mix. By applying these effects to individual elements, you can enhance the stereo image and create a more immersive listening experience. Some tips for using time-based effects include:

Use different reverb types and settings for different elements to create a sense of depth and space.
Use delay to add width and dimension to specific elements, such as vocals or guitars.
Be mindful of overusing time-based effects, as this can lead to a cluttered and muddy mix.

Stereo imaging tools and plugins

There are many tools and plugins available that can help you to improve the stereo image of your mixes. Some popular options include:

Stereo wideners: These plugins can help to create a wider and more immersive stereo image by manipulating the phase relationships between the left and right channels of a mix.
Mid/side processors: These plugins allow you to process the mid (mono) and side (stereo) channels of a mix separately, providing greater control over the stereo image.
Panning plugins: These tools can assist with more advanced panning techniques, such as stereo rotation or psychoacoustic panning.

Here are some examples of plugins in the market that fall into one of these three categories:

Manufacturer	Product Name	Category	Description	Webpage URL	Price
Waves	S1 Stereo Imager	Stereo Widener	Adds width and depth to mono or narrow mixes.	https://www.waves.com/plugins/s1-stereo-imager	$49
iZotope	Ozone Imager	Stereo Widener	Widens and narrows stereo image, with multiband control.	https://www.izotope.com/en/products/ozone-imager.html	Free
Brainworx	bx\_digital V3	Mid/Side Processor	An advanced tool for manipulating the mid and side channels of a mix.	https://www.plugin-alliance.com/en/products/bx_digital_v3.html	$299
FabFilter	Pro-MB	Mid/Side Processor	A multiband compressor with mid/side processing.	https://www.fabfilter.com/products/pro-mb-multiband-compressor-plug-in	$199
Soundtoys	PanMan	Panning Plugin	Offers the ability to pan in three dimensions, with rhythmic and dynamic control.	https://www.soundtoys.com/product/panman/	$129
UAD	Precision Panner	Panning Plugin	Allows for precise control over panning, with LCR and surround sound options.	https://www.uaudio.com/uad-plugins/precision-panner.html	$149

Common stereo imaging mistakes to avoid

Over-widening: While a wide stereo image can be pleasing to the ear, over-widening can lead to phase issues and a lack of focus in the mix.
Ignoring mono compatibility: Many listeners still consume music on mono systems, such as smartphones or smart speakers. Always check your mix in mono to ensure that it translates well to these systems.
Relying too heavily on stereo imaging plugins: While these tools can be helpful, it’s important to remember that a strong stereo image starts with a well-recorded, well-arranged mix.

How to analyze and reference professional mixes for stereo imaging

One of the best ways to improve your stereo-imaging skills is to analyze and reference professional mixes. By closely listening to mixes you admire, you can gain insight into the techniques and decisions made to create a compelling stereo image. When analyzing a mix, consider the following:

How are individual elements panned within the stereo field?
How is depth and space created through layering, arrangement, and time-based effects?
How does the mix sound in mono? Are there any issues with mono compatibility?

Conclusion and final thoughts on stereo imaging in audio production

Stereo imaging is an essential aspect of creating engaging and professional-sounding mixes. By understanding the key elements involved, the science behind it, and how to use various techniques to create depth and clarity, you can elevate your mixes to new heights. Remember to start with a strong foundation, use panning strategically, and experiment with different stereo-imaging techniques to find the ones that work best for your specific mix and style. With practice and dedication, you’ll be well on your way to mastering the art of stereo imaging in audio production.